Location: SR 1008 (Harper House Road) at Bentonville Battleground
County: Johnston
Original Date Cast: 1959
During the winter and early spring of 1864-1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman’s army wreaked destruction on Georgia and South Carolina. On March 8, his men entered North Carolina. Concerned with the ability to feed and supply his 60,000 men, Sherman divided his army into two wings: the left, commanded by Major General Henry Slocum and the right commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. Both wings advanced in the direction of Goldsboro, as Confederate forces from across the region were cobbled together in an attempt to delay their progress.
On the night of March 18, Sherman camped two miles west of Bentonville with the left wing of his army. The following morning, the left wing advanced east headed for Goldsboro. Sherman himself departed and joined his right wing under Howard, thus missing the first day’s engagement at the Battle of Bentonville.
On March 19, at Bentonville, a small, 30,000-man Confederate army led by General Joseph E. Johnston attacked the left wing of Sherman’s army. Johnston had been able to raise nearly 30,000 men from South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and eastern North Carolina. Slocum, initially not realizing that he faced an entire army, pushed forward, but was driven back throughout the afternoon by the Confederate main assault.
Thousands of Confederates of both Hardee and Stewart’s Corps slammed into the Union XIV and XX Corps of Sherman’s left wing. The assaults only fell apart as the result of quick thinking Union officers, who massed Federal artillery to provide a barrage into the faces of the oncoming Confederate forces. Johnston continued his assaults throughout the evening but pulled back upon realizing that the right wing of Sherman’s army soon would be arriving as reinforcements.
Brig. Gen. J. D. Morgan’s Division of Davis’s XIV Corps helped halt the main Confederate assault on March 19 about one-half mile south of the Goldsboro Road. Hoke’s Division of Bragg’s Corps of the Army of Tennessee launched numerous attacks against Morgan’s men throughout the evening, but were unsuccessful at penetrating the Union perimeter. At one point, Hill’s Division of Lee’s Corps managed to almost surround two brigades of Morgan’s forces. Having defeated Hoke’s attack to their front, some of Morgan’s men actually leapt to the opposite side of their breastworks and began firing to their rear on men led by D. H. Hill. Morgan’s men were eventually rescued from the threat by Cogswell’s brigade of the XX Corps which struck Hill’s men from the rear.
On March 20, Howard’s wing, along with Sherman, arrived on the field. Only light skirmishing took place during the day as Johnston pulled back his left wing to protect his army’s avenue of escape over the Mill Creek Bridge. After having received constant sniper fire from the Cole Farm House, located in the geographical center of the fighting, Confederate forces rushed forward and burned the house to the ground. Its burned shell stood for the remainder of the engagement. The following day, Gen. Mower launched an unauthorized but quite effective assault on the Confederate forces before being ordered to retire.
During the night of March 21, Johnston pulled his army across Mill Creek and retreated, burning the bridge behind him. Although he had lost an opportunity to decisively defeat a wing of Sherman’s army, Sherman, by his own admission, had lost the chance to destroy Johnston’s forces by pulling back Mower’s troops. The Union Army, anxious to reach Goldsboro, did not pursue. Sherman’s army lost 304 killed in action, 1,112 wounded, and 221 missing. The Confederates lost 239 killed, 1,694 wounded, and 673 missing.
The Battle of Bentonville was important because it was: 1) the only major Confederate attempt to stop Sherman after the Battle of Atlanta, August 1864; 2) the last major Confederate offensive in which the Confederates chose the ground and made the initial attack; and 3) the largest battle ever fought on North Carolina soil.
References:
Mark L. Bradley, Last Stand in the Carolinas: The Battle of Bentonville (1996)
Mark A. Moore, Moore’s Historical Guide to the Battle of Bentonville (1997)
John G. Barrett, Sherman’s March Through the Carolinas (1956)
Wilson Angley, Jerry L. Cross, and Michael Hill, Sherman’s March through North Carolina: A Chronology (1995)
Bentonville Battleground Website: http://www.nchistoricsites.org/Bentonvi/Bentonvi.HTM